This report, prepared by ALEF – Act for Human Rights (ALEF), examines violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL) committed during the armed conflict between the State of Israel and Hezbollah. The conflict, which erupted as a regional extension of hostilities following Hamas’ October 7th attacks and Israel’s retaliation in Gaza, rapidly escalated into a full-scale war involving systematic violations against civilians and civilian infrastructure in Lebanon and northern Israel.

The report is grounded in international legal frameworks, notably the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, and provides a dual legal qualification of the conflict—an international armed conflict (IAC) between Israel and Lebanon, and a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) between Israel and Hezbollah.

ALEF urges immediate, independent, and comprehensive investigations into all documented violations and calls on international actors to ensure accountability. This includes the potential activation of international mechanisms, such as commissions of inquiry or ad hoc tribunals, given the absence of jurisdiction by the International Criminal Court. The report concludes that recognizing and addressing these violations is essential not only for justice but also to prevent future impunity and safeguard civilian lives in protracted conflicts.